abstract: Strange attractors describing the asymptotic dynamics of chaotic systems contain an infinite number of periodic orbits. In three-dimensional phase spaces, their intertwining can be characterized using knot theory. It follows a systematic organization which results from the action of the stretching and squeezing mechanisms generating the chaotic behavior. We will discuss how this approach can be used to classify chaos observed in numerical simulations and experiments, construct symbolic encodings, or obtain signatures of chaos. We will also present attempts at extending these ideas to higher-dimensional systems.